Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
A urinary tract infection (UTI) happens when bacteria enter the urinary system. The urinary tract includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Most UTIs affect the bladder and urethra, but sometimes the infection can spread to the kidneys.
Why UTIs Happen
Normally, urine does not contain bacteria. However, bacteria can move from the skin around the rectum or genitals into the urethra and bladder, causing infection.
Women are more likely to get UTIs than men because the female urethra is shorter, making it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder. Risk also increases after sexual activity, use of certain types of birth control (such as diaphragms), and after menopause.
Risk Factors
You may have a higher chance of developing a UTI if you:
- Have diabetes
- Are pregnant
- Have kidney stones or urinary tract blockages
- Use a catheter
- Have difficulty fully emptying your bladder
- Experience bowel incontinence
- Are older in age
Common Symptoms
- Burning or pain when urinating
- Frequent or urgent need to urinate
- Cloudy, foul-smelling, or bloody urine
- Pelvic pressure or discomfort
If the infection spreads to the kidneys, symptoms may also include:
- Fever and chills
- Back or side pain
- Nausea or vomiting
Diagnosis
Your doctor may:
- Test your urine for bacteria and infection
- Order an ultrasound to check for stones or blockages if infections are recurrent
- In special cases, recommend further imaging to look at kidney health or bladder function
Treatment
UTIs are usually treated with antibiotics. The type and length of treatment depend on whether the infection is in the bladder or has spread to the kidneys. In addition, your doctor may prescribe medicine to ease burning or urinary urgency.
If UTIs are frequent or related to structural problems in the urinary tract, additional treatment or procedures may be needed.
