What Is an Intrauterine Device
An intrauterine device, or IUD, is a small, flexible, T-shaped contraceptive device placed inside the uterus by a healthcare provider during a brief office procedure. The IUD has a thin string that extends into the vagina so you can check that it remains in place. It is one of the most effective and long-lasting forms of reversible birth control, providing protection for 3 to 10 years depending on the type.
Types of IUDs
Hormonal IUDs: These contain a low dose of the hormone progestin, which thickens cervical mucus, thins the uterine lining, and prevents sperm from reaching the egg. They begin working within seven days after placement and can remain effective for 3 to 8 years, depending on the brand.
Copper IUD: This hormone-free option releases copper, which is toxic to sperm and prevents fertilization. It provides immediate protection once inserted and lasts up to 10 years. It can also be used as emergency contraception if placed within five days after unprotected sex.
Placement and What to Expect
Before insertion, your provider will review your medical history, perform a pelvic exam, and may screen for sexually transmitted infections. Placement takes only a few minutes and may cause brief cramping or discomfort. Mild cramping or spotting may continue for one to two days.
IUDs do not protect against sexually transmitted infections, so condoms are still recommended if protection from infection is needed. The IUD can be removed at any time, and fertility returns quickly after removal.
Benefits of an IUD
- Highly effective, long-term pregnancy prevention
- Convenient and reversible
- Can be used while breastfeeding
- Minimal maintenance—no daily action required
- Rapid return to fertility after removal
Possible Side Effects or Risks
Some people may experience heavier or longer periods with the copper IUD or irregular bleeding with a hormonal IUD during the first few months. Rare complications include expulsion (the IUD slipping out), perforation of the uterus, or pelvic infection.
Your provider will review your health history to ensure an IUD is a safe and appropriate option for you.
