What is an Endometrial Biopsy?
An endometrial biopsy is a procedure used to collect a small sample of tissue from the lining of the uterus (the endometrium). The sample is examined under a microscope to evaluate the cause of abnormal bleeding or to check for changes in the uterine lining.
When is an Endometrial Biopsy Recommended?
Your healthcare provider may recommend an endometrial biopsy for:
- Abnormal uterine bleeding in women age 45 and older
- Heavy, irregular, or prolonged menstrual bleeding at any age if symptoms are persistent
- Bleeding after menopause
- Irregular periods in individuals with conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
- Monitoring the endometrium during certain hormone treatments
- Follow-up of ultrasound findings such as endometrial thickening or polyps
- Evaluating for endometrial hyperplasia (thickened lining) or endometrial cancer
How the Procedure is Performed
The biopsy is done in the office and usually takes a few minutes.
- You will lie on the exam table as you would for a pelvic exam.
- A speculum is gently placed in the vagina to allow the cervix to be seen.
- The cervix may be cleaned with a mild solution.
- A thin, flexible tube (called a pipelle) is passed through the cervical opening into the uterus.
- Suction is applied briefly to collect a small sample of tissue.
- The instrument is removed and the sample is sent to the laboratory for analysis.
You may feel cramping during the biopsy. Taking ibuprofen 30–60 minutes before the appointment may help reduce discomfort.
After the Procedure
Most people can return to normal activity right away. It is common to experience:
- Mild cramping
- Light spotting or bleeding for a day or two
If advised by your provider, avoid tampons, vaginal intercourse, or douching for 24–48 hours after the procedure.
Call Your Provider If You Experience:
- Heavy bleeding (soaking a pad in an hour)
- Severe or worsening pelvic pain
- Fever or chills
- Foul-smelling vaginal discharge
Risks
Endometrial biopsy is generally very safe. Possible risks include:
- Cramping during the procedure
- Light bleeding afterward
- Infection (rare)
- Very rarely, injury to the cervix or uterus
